Civil Engineering Interview Questions - 8

1. What are the tools used during construction?
    Ans: Tools used during Construction are Dumpy Level, Spirit Level, Square, Plumb, Trowel, Spade, Shovel, Crowbar, Steel Bowl, Measuring Tape, Measuring Box etc.

2. What are the tools used in Carpentry?
    Ans: The tools used in Carpentry are Chisel, Hammer, Plain, Sand Paper, Nails, Wedge, Screws, Saw, Square, Boring Tools etc.

3. What are the instruments used for marking any structure on ground?
    Ans: Following are the instruments used for marking structure on ground.
            a. Theodolite
            b. Dumpy Level
            c. Total station

4. Name the apparatus used for testing of setting time of cement?
    Ans: VICAT apparatus is used to test the setting time of cement.

5. Name the apparatus used for testing of soundness of cement?
    Ans: Le Chatelier apparatus is used to test the soundness of cement.

6. Which instrument used for measuring of paint thickness?
     Ans: Elcometer is used for measuring of paint thickness.

7. Which apparatus is used to conduct the work-ability of concrete at site?
      Ans: Slump cone is used to conduct the work ability of concrete at site.

8. Specify size of the concrete cube mould?
     Ans: 150X150X150 mm is the size of cube mould.

9. Which Machine used for testing of compressive strength of concrete cubes?
    Ans: UTM is used for testing of compressive strength of concrete cubes.

10. Which instrument is used to measure the vertical angle at site?
       Ans: Theodolite is used to measure the vertical angles.

11. What are the types of concrete mixers?
      Ans: a. Tilting type
              b. Non-Tilting type
              c. Reversing type

12. What are the types of pumping equipment used for pumping of concrete?
      Ans: Three types of pumping equipments are used.
              a. Piston Pump
              b. Pneumatic Pump
              c. Squeeze pressure Pump.

13. What is the name of pipe used for under water concreting?
      Ans: Name of pipe used for under water concreting is Tremie pipe.

14. What are the different types of vibrators?
       Ans: a. Internal Vibrator (Needle Vibrator)
               b. Formwork Vibrator (External Vibrator)
               c. Table Vibrator
               d. Platform Vibrator
               e. Surface Vibrator (Screed vibrator)

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Oracle DBA Interview Questions - 7

1. Define Transaction?
    A Transaction is a logical unit of work that comprises one or more SQL statements executed by a single user.

2. When does a Transaction end?
    When it is committed or Roll backed.

3. What does COMMIT do?
    COMMIT makes permanent the changes resulting from all SQL statements in the transaction. The changes made by the SQL statements of a transaction become visible to other user sessions transactions that start only after transaction is committed.

4. What does ROLLBACK do?
    ROLLBACK retracts any of the changes resulting from the SQL statements in the transaction.

5. What is SAVE POINT?
    For long transactions that contain many SQL statements, intermediate markers or savepoints can be declared which can be used to divide a transaction into smaller parts. This allows the option of later rolling back all work performed from the current point in the transaction to a declared savepoint within the transaction.

6. What is Read-Only Transaction?
    A Read-Only transaction ensures that the results of each query executed in the transaction are consistent with respect to the same point in time.

7. What is the function of Optimizer?
     The goal of the optimizer is to choose the most efficient way to execute a SQL statement.

8. What is Execution Plan?
    The combination of the steps the optimizer chooses to execute a statement is called an execution plan.

9. What are the different approaches used by Optimizer in choosing an execution plan?
     Rule-based and Cost-based.

10. What are the factors that affect OPTIMIZER in choosing an Optimization approach?
     The OPTIMIZER_MODE initialization parameter Statistics in the Data Dictionary the OPTIMIZER_GOAL parameter of the ALTER SESSION command hints in the statement.

11. What are the values that can be specified for OPTIMIZER MODE Parameter?
      COST and RULE.

12. Will the Optimizer always use COST-based approach if OPTIMIZER_MODE is set to "Cost'?
       Presence of statistics in the data dictionary for atleast one of the tables accessed by the SQL statements is necessary for the OPTIMIZER to use COST-based approach. Otherwise OPTIMIZER chooses RULE-based approach.

13. What is the effect of setting the value of OPTIMIZER_MODE to ‘RULE’?
      This value causes the optimizer to choose the rule_based approach for all SQL statements issued to the instance regardless of the presence of statistics.

14. What are the values that can be specified for OPTIMIZER_GOAL parameter of the ALTER SESSION Command?
      CHOOSE, ALL_ROWS, FIRST_ROWS and RULE.

15. What is the effect of setting the value "CHOOSE" for OPTIMIZER_GOAL, parameter of the ALTER   SESSION Command?
      The Optimizer chooses Cost_based approach and optimizes with the goal of best throughput if statistics for atleast one of the tables accessed by the SQL statement exist in the data dictionary. Otherwise the OPTIMIZER chooses RULE_based approach.

16. What is the effect of setting the value "ALL_ROWS" for OPTIMIZER_GOAL parameter of the ALTER SESSION command?
     This value causes the optimizer to the cost-based approach for all SQL statements in the session regardless of the presence of statistics and to optimize with a goal of best throughput.

17. What is the effect of setting the value 'FIRST_ROWS' for OPTIMIZER_GOAL parameter of the ALTER SESSION command?
      This value causes the optimizer to use the cost-based approach for all SQL statements in the session regardless of the presence of statistics and to optimize with a goal of best response time.

18. What is the effect of setting the 'RULE' for OPTIMIER_GOAL parameter of the ALTER SESSION   Command?
      This value causes the optimizer to choose the rule-based approach for all SQL statements in a session regardless of the presence of statistics.

19. What is RULE-based approach to optimization?
      Choosing an executing planbased on the access paths available and the ranks of these access paths.

20. What is COST-based approach to optimization?
      Considering available access paths and determining the most efficient execution plan based on statistics in the data dictionary for the tables accessed by the statement and their associated clusters and indexes.

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Oracle DBA Interview Questions - 6

 

1. What are the different types of PL/SQL program units that can be defined and stored in ORACLE database?
   Procedures and Functions, Packages and Database Triggers.

2. What is a Procedure?
    A Procedure consist of a set of SQL and PL/SQL statements that are grouped together as a unit to solve     a specific problem or perform a set of related tasks.

3. What is difference between Procedures and Functions?
     A Function returns a value to the caller where as a Procedure does not.

4. What is a Package?
    A Package is a collection of related procedures, functions, variables and other package constructs together as a unit in the database.

5. What are the advantages of having a Package?
    Increased functionality (for example, global package variables can be declared and used by any procedure in the package) and performance (for example all objects of the package are parsed compiled, and loaded into memory once)

6. What is Database Trigger?
    A Database Trigger is procedure (set of SQL and PL/SQL statements) that is automatically executed as a result of an insert in, update to, or delete from a table.

7. What are the uses of Database Trigger?
    Database triggers can be used to automatic data generation, audit data modifications, enforce complex Integrity constraints, and customize complex security authorizations.

8. What are the differences between Database Trigger and Integrity constraints?
    A declarative integrity constraint is a statement about the database that is always true. A constraint applies to existing data in the table and any statement that manipulates the table.
A trigger does not apply to data loaded before the definition of the trigger, therefore, it does not guarantee all data in a table conforms to the rules established by an associated trigger.
A trigger can be used to enforce transitional constraints where as a declarative integrity constraint cannot be used.

9. What are Roles ?
   Roles are named groups of related privileges that are granted to users or other roles.

10. What are the uses of Roles ?
       REDUCED GRANTING OF PRIVILEGES - Rather than explicitly granting the same set of privileges          to many users a database administrator can grant the privileges for a group of related users granted to a        role and then grant only the role to each member of the group.
      DYNAMIC PRIVILEGE MANAGEMENT - When the privileges of a group must change, only the       privileges of the role need to be modified. The security domains of all users granted the group's role automatically reflect the changes made to the role.
    SELECTIVE AVAILABILITY OF PRIVILEGES - The roles granted to a user can be selectively enable (available for use) or disabled (not available for use). This allows specific control of a user's privileges in any given situation.
   APPLICATION AWARENESS - A database application can be designed to automatically enable and disable selective roles when a user attempts to use the application.

11. How to prevent unauthorized use of privileges granted to a Role ?
       By creating a Role with a password.

12. What is default table space ?
      The Tablespace to contain schema objects created without specifying a tablespace name.

13. What is Tablespace Quota ?
       The collective amount of disk space available to the objects in a schema on a particular tablespace.

14. What is a profile ?
       Each database user is assigned a Profile that specifies limitations on various system resources available to the user.

15. What are the system resources that can be controlled through Profile ?
      The number of concurrent sessions the user can establish the CPU processing time available to the user's       session the CPU processing time available to a single call to ORACLE made by a SQL statement the           amount of logical I/O available to the user's session the amount of logical I/O available to a single call to        ORACLE made by a SQL statement the allowed amount of idle time for the user's session the allowed         amount of connect time for the user's session.

16. What is Auditing ?
       Monitoring of user access to aid in the investigation of database use.

17. What are the different Levels of Auditing ?
       Statement Auditing, Privilege Auditing and Object Auditing.

18. What is Statement Auditing ?
      Statement auditing is the auditing of the powerful system privileges without regard to specifically named objects.

19. What is Privilege Auditing ?
      Privilege auditing is the auditing of the use of powerful system privileges without regard to specifically             named objects.

20. What is Object Auditing ?
     Object auditing is the auditing of accesses to specific schema objects without regard to user.


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Oracle DBA Interview Questions - 5

1. What Does DBWR do?
     Database writer writes modified blocks from the database buffer cache to the data files.

2. When Does DBWR write to the database?
     DBWR writes when more data needs to be read into the SGA and too few database buffers are free. The least recently used data is written to the data files first. DBWR also writes when CheckPoint occurs.

3. What does LGWR do?
     Log Writer (LGWR) writes redo log entries generated in the redo log buffer of the SGA to on-line Redo Log File.

4. When does LGWR write to the database?
    LGWR writes redo log entries into an on-line redo log file when transactions commit and the log buffer files are full.

5. What is the function of checkpoint (CKPT)?
    The Checkpoint (CKPT) process is responsible for signaling DBWR at checkpoints and updating all the data files and control files of the database.

6. What are the functions of SMON?
    System Monitor (SMON) performs instance recovery at instance start-up. In a multiple instance system (one that uses the Parallel Server), SMON of one instance can also perform instance recovery for other instance that have failed SMON also cleans up temporary segments that are no longer in use and recovers dead transactions skipped during crash and instance recovery because of file-read or off-line errors. These transactions are eventually recovered by SMON when the tablespace or file is brought back on-line SMON also coalesces free extents within the database to make free space contiguous and easier to allocate.

7. What are functions of PMON?
    Process Monitor (PMON) performs process recovery when a user process fails PMON is responsible for cleaning up the cache and Freeing resources that the process was using PMON also checks on dispatcher and server processes and restarts them if they have failed.

8. What is the function of ARCH?
    Archiver (ARCH) copies the on-line redo log files to archival storage when they are full. ARCH is active only when a database's redo log is used in ARCHIVELOG mode.

9. What is function of RECO?
     RECOver (RECO) is used to resolve distributed transactions that are pending due to a network or system failure in a distributed database. At timed intervals, the local RECO attempts to connect to remote databases and automatically complete the commit or rollback of the local portion of any pending distributed transactions.

10. What is the function of Dispatcher (Dnnn)?
       Dispatcher (Dnnn) process is responsible for routing requests from connected user processes to available shared server processes and returning the responses back to the appropriate user processes.

11. How many Dispatcher Processes are created?
      At least one Dispatcher process is created for every communication protocol in use.

12. What is the function of Lock (LCKn) Process?
       Lock (LCKn) are used for inter-instance locking when the ORACLE Parallel Server option is used.

13. What is the maximum number of Lock Processes used?
      Though a single LCK process is sufficient for most Parallel Server systems
      Upto Ten Locks (LCK0,....LCK9) are used for inter-instance locking.

14. Name the ORACLE Background Process ?
        DBWR - Database Writer.
        LGWR - Log Writer
        CKPT - Check Point
        SMON - System Monitor
        PMON - Process Monitor
        ARCH - Archiver
        RECO - Recover
        Dnnn - Dispatcher, and
        LCKn - Lock
        Snnn - Server.

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Oracle DBA Interview Questions - 4

1. What constitute an ORACLE Instance?
      SGA and ORACLE background processes constitute an ORACLE instance. (Or) Combination of memory structure and background process.

2. What is SGA?
    The System Global Area (SGA) is a shared memory region allocated by ORACLE that contains data and control information for one ORACLE instance.

3. What are the components of SGA?
     Database buffers, Redo Log Buffer the Shared Pool and Cursors.

4. What do Database Buffers contain?
     Database buffers store the most recently used blocks of database data. It can also contain modified data that has not yet been permanently written to disk.

5. What do Redo Log Buffers contain?
     Redo Log Buffer stores redo entries a log of changes made to the database.

6. What is Shared Pool?
     Shared Pool is a portion of the SGA that contains shared memory constructs such as shared SQL areas.

7. What is Shared SQL Area?
     A Shared SQL area is required to process every unique SQL statement submitted to a database and contains information such as the parse tree and execution plan for the corresponding statement.

8. What is Cursor?
     A Cursor is a handle (a name or pointer) for the memory associated with a specific statement.

9. What is PGA?
     Program Global Area (PGA) is a memory buffer that contains data and control information for a server process.

10. What is User Process?
      A user process is created and maintained to execute the software code of an application program. It is a shadow process created automatically to facilitate communication between the user and the server process.

11. What is Server Process?
       Server Process handles requests from connected user process. A server process is in charge of communicating with the user process and interacting with ORACLE carry out requests of the associated user process.

12. What are the two types of Server Configurations?
       Dedicated Server Configuration and Multi-threaded Server Configuration.

13. What is Dedicated Server Configuration?
       In a Dedicated Server Configuration a Server Process handles requests for a Single User Process.

14. What is a Multi-threaded Server Configuration?
       In a Multi-threaded Server Configuration many user processes share a group of server process.

15. What is a Parallel Server option in ORACLE?
        A configuration for loosely coupled systems where multiple instances share a single physical database is called Parallel Server.

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